Welsh Journals

American entrepreneurial attitudes but rather a communal defensive act on the part of the immigrants to maintain control of their land and resources and strengthen their community in the face of encroachment by American iron companies. In this respect their culture influenced their economic behaviour and this was further reflected in the nature of the business they established. The enterprises were run along chapel government lines, for example, and, in a revealing indication that Calvinistic religious values and institutions were 'incorporated' into economic forms, no working on the Sabbath was countenanced. The long-term consequence was that an intensely localized Welsh culture was able to flourish and evidence of this can still be seen in the area today. Yet economic success brought its own crises and Chapter Five investigates the ways in which economic development influenced culture as the immigrants sought to reconcile material prosperity with their ethnic identity and in particular their Calvinism. But this book is not only a micro-study of one particular nineteenth- century Welsh-American experience, and by no means will its value be restricted to historians of Welsh migration. It is an important and stimulating contribution to the general debate regarding the interplay between cultural and economic influences in the formation of capitalism in nineteenth-century America and how immigrants responded to these developments. Social historians of Wales during this period, too, will find it rewarding because of the depth of its analysis of the economic and cultural background of the immigrants' patria chica and its acute probing of their religious mentalities. In Calvinists Incorporated Knowles tellingly demon- strates that studying migration tells us a great deal about those who stayed behind as well as those who left. BILL JONES Cardiff Kith AND KIN. CANADA, BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES FROM THE Revolution TO THE Cold WAR. Edited by C. C. Eldridge. University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1997. Pp. x, 231. £ 35.00 hardback. The central theme of this book is the North Atlantic Triangle, the relationship among the three English-speaking countries of Canada, the USA and Britain. It is no surprise to learn that the Triangle concept, implying a degree of equality for all, is of Canadian origin, just as the special relationship' is a phrase heard more often in the United Kingdom