Welsh Journals

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songs of Aneurin and Llywarch the Aged. On the contrary, it is significant in this context that all the Bucheddau'r Saint were written in South Wales, even those of such eminent North Wales saints as St. Beuno whose Life was written at Llanddewi Brefi in the thirteenth century. There was, therefore, some marked cultural difference between North and South Wales in the Dark Ages and at later times, and the difference is not unrelated to differences in language and literature. It is possible that by the eleventh century the linguistic frontier had moved northwards to the Dyfi estuary wheie it has remained ever since, and that the inheritance of St. Padarn had by then been incorporated within the territory of St. David and in this way Llanbadarn Fawr became, in the hands of Rhygyfarch, not only an early contributor to, but also the northernmost outpost of, this form of literary composition in Wales. It only remains to record that when we have considered all the churches bearing the names of saints who came to Cardiganshire by sea from the different bases and added to them the churches bearing the names of SS. Non and David, we still have left a short list of churches either possessing a composite dedication like the famous one at Llangwyryfon and the now extinct Capel Santesau in the parish of Llanwenog, or those dedicated to little-known individuals whose memory remains in but one small corner of the land. There are no known dedications outside Cardiganshire to SS. Bledrwys, Cynfelin, Gwenog, Ina, liar and Tegwy. No other dedication is known to St. Tyfriog unless he be the same person as St. Brioc, while St. Gartheli is unknown elsewhere in the Celtic lands with the possible exception of a single dedication to him in Brittany. It is only as one of the five patrons of Llanpumpsaint in Carmarthenshire that anything further is known, too, of St. Ceitho whose foundation in Cardiganshire was destined to become so famous in a later age of evangelization, when the pioneer work of the Celtic Saints had long since been forgotten. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. E. G. BOWEN.