Welsh Journals

Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernisation of Rural France 1870-1914 (London, 1977), ch. 22. "For a comprehensive study of socio-economic relationships in rural south Cardiganshire at the end of the nineteenth century, see D. Jenkins, The Agricultural Community in South-West Wales at the turn of the Twentieth Century (Cardiff, 1971). "For some indication of the regional diversity involved see T. M. Owen, Welsh Folk Customs. 13D. G. Williams, 'Casgliad o Len Gwerin Sir Gaerfyrddin', p.303. MH.0.52, Box 35, item 512, D. Saunders Davies and other Cardigan magistrates to the Home Office, 11 May 1837. 15 For a more detailed analysis of 'carnival' and rituals of reversal, see P. Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (London, 1978), ch. 7; N. Z. Davis, Society and Culture in Early Modern France (London, 1975), chs. 4 and 5. "'Cardiganshire Constabulary, Rules, Orders, and Guide to Constables, p. 114. "Cambrian, 6 April 1839. "Popular attitudes towards poaching are discussed in D. J. V. Jones, 'The Poacher: A Study in Victorian Crime and Protest', The Historical Journal, 22, 4 (1979), 825-60. "For a study of the 'Scotch Cattle' in south Wales, see D. J. V. Jones, Before Rebecca: Popular Protests in Wales 1793-1835 (London, 1973), ch.4. 20D. Williams, The Rebecca Riots, p.290; H.O. 45/642/114-18, 163-68. 21J. Harris (ed.), Fury Never Leaves Us: A Miscellany of Caradoc Evans (Bridgend, 1985), pp. 9-11; Harris, 'The Early Career of Caradoc Evans' (University of Wales, Ph.D. thesis, 1986), pp.3-7. He cites the case of Caradoc Evans' father, who was seemingly the last man to be carried on the ceffyl pren in the Troed-yr-aur (Rhydlewis) area, c.1880. Although ostensibly punished for his alleged adultery and drunkenness, he had already alienated his immediate neighbours by conducting at least one of the farm sales ensuing from the infamous post-1868 election evictions, when other auctioneers in the locality had refused to do so. 22 For references to Rebecca's role as 'moral guardian' see D. Williams, The Rebecca Riots, p.241; Seren Gomer (1843), pp. 381-2; H.O. 45/453/559-60; H.O. 45/454/589-90. 23 Carmarthen Journal, 28 July 1837; Cardiganshire Assizes, evidence of Caleb Williams, High Constable for the Hundred of Cilgerran: 'It has been the practice of late to carry the "Ceffyl-pren" I am 45 years of age. Never saw a ceffyl-pren before till this year. I have lived in this county all my life'. 24E.g. H.O.45/454, E. C. Ll. Hall, Newcastle Emlyn to the Home Office, 15 June 1843; quoted D. Williams, The Rebecca Riots, pp.53 and 304n.72. 25H.O,52, Box 35, items 512-21, 523-4, March-May 1837. 26H.0. 52/35/515, Mayor of Cardigan to Home Office, 31 March 1837. "H.O.52/35/516-8, Mayor of Cardigan to the Officer in Command of His Majesty's Forces at Brecon, 31 March 1837. 28 This retrospective paragraph, outlining events which took place in Cardigan on the night of 30 March 1837, was published in the Welshman, 2 June 1843. 29H.0. 52/35/513-4, D. Saunders Davies and other Cardigan Magistrates, to Lord John Russell, 11 May 1837. 30H.O.52/35/519, Mayor of Cardigan to Lord John Russell, 12 April 1837. 31 H.O.52/35/513-4, Davies to Russell, 11 May 1837.