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preservation or conservation can best come through thorough fieldwork, survey, and excavation. Already, the recognition or discovery of important man-made components ofjohnes' Hafod landscape highlights more universal difficulties of garden protection, investigation and restoration in Wales, and more generally, in Britain. Local Forestry Commission staff in the Ystwyth Forest were led, before his retirement in 1989, by Forestry District Manager Mr. John Davenport. He, his staff and successor, Mr. Trefor Owen, have offered every encouragement and assistance to the writers' endeavours. However, the absence of Statutory Protection, rather than indifference or lack of concern, meant that a qualified archaeologist was not required to help supervise the MSC/NACRO employment scheme. Notwithstanding the absence of Statutory Protection, a Garden Advisory Panel was convened in early 1990 at the Forestry Commission's instigation. Its complement includes an archaeologist, an historian, and botanist. What must next be sought is access to the scarce resources likely to be required to fulfil the heavy demands of such an enterprise. And the remedies to this requirement must ultimately be sought through national initiatives. Nowhere better than at Hafod can we see the need for a government directive at full survey of historic parkland and garden landscapes, followed by selective Statutory Protection and long-term programmes of excavation prior to restoration or re-stocking. To neglect this need is effectively to condemn to oblivion a landscape unique alike to local and national aesthetic values. CAROLINE KERKHAM and STEPHEN BRIGGS Tref enter Acknowledgements The writers gratefully acknowledge the full cooperation and encouragement of Mr. John Davenport, Forestry District Manager, Aberystwyth District, in their investigations; Mr. James Barfoot, Mr. Arthur Chater FLS, District Councillor Evan Evans, Ponterwyd, Mr. Peter Goodchild, Mr. and Mrs. R. Hallett, Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Hayfield, Mr. Thomas Lloyd, Mrs. J. Macve, Messrs. J. Raw-Rees and Co., and Dr. Clare Taylor. Also the staff of the National Libraries of Scotland and Wales, and of the Linnean Society of London. The documentary research upon which it is based was supported by a generous grant from the Cambrian Archaeological Association.