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from their daytime haunts, throughout the summer and winter but later they also changed sites during the winter months, flying down-valley to a much larger roost just above Pontypridd, a journey of about 10-12 miles. In the later 1950s the Merthyr roost was completely abandoned in favour of the one above Pontypridd, though a small proportion of the Jackdaws sometimes preferred to spend the night at a local rookery. Deviations from the normal times of the evening flight were associated with the prevailing weather conditions. On clear evenings the flight-time was invariably delayed, the level of the flight was high, and the birds performed much aerial display. On dull or rainy evenings the flight was early, the birds kept quite low, skimming over the hedges and other obstacles, and little or no display was observed. Similarly, it was also possible to relate the duration of the flight with weather conditions, the Jackdaws flying quickly to roost on dull evenings, but on fine evenings spending much time in display or aerobatics. For this reason the Jackdaws took about one and a half hours to complete the roost flight in midsummer, and on at least one occasion at this time of the year the flight was actually repeated in a single evening. The birds, after completing one flight to the roost, usually in the form of numerous relatively small parties, collected into a flock of several thousands strong and made the return journey back to the town. There they performed a certain amount of aerial display and then commenced the second journey to the roost when encroaching darkness prevented further activity. This happened only on very warm and clear evenings at the height of summer, and towards the end of the breeding season. The times of the morning flight from the roost to the Jackdaws' daytime haunts could also be plotted, but as the birds return at the break of day the amount of effort required would be exhaustive. However, one of us was in a position to observe this for several months whilst travelling by a very early morning train, and it was at once evident that the character of the flight was different. No matter what the weather conditions, the Jackdaws could be ob- served returning in swift streams from the roost, determined to commence their normal daytime activities. No display was observed, and within one hour of daybreak the entire Jackdaw population would be about its routine business. Generally the first to arrive at the roost, often as much as one hour or more ahead of the main party, were solitary groups of Jackdaws. Sometimes they actually returned to the town, or else waited until the main party arrived in flocks of a dozen to several hundred strong. Later still the odd stragglers would arrive, often after darkness. The reaction of each flock on arrival was generally the same the birds would momentarily stop their wing-beats, utter the tchack call a number of times, as if heralding their approach, and then land in the roost. On some occasions the birds