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HAFOD and HAFOTY in Welsh Place-Names A semantic study By MELVILLE RICHARDS The Editor has published an extremely interesting and valuable survey of the practice of transhumance in Wales in The Montgomeryshire Collections, "The Old Summer Pastures," Vol. LIV, 117-145, LV, 37-86, and says: "The study of the various place names associated with the summer pastures, and of their distribution may have much to tell us." The present paper is an attempt to show how place names may illustrate and supplement the points made by Mr. Sayce, and it should be read in close conjunction with his work. It would be tedious and perhaps pointless to record here every example of the place name containing hafod and hafoty, and for that reason no mention will be made of the scores of names con- taining these two words as a single element. Documentation too will be kept to a minimum and only used where a location is otherwise unknown or to supply evidence of an earlier form. Each name is followed by that of the parish in which it occurs. A word should be said about hafod and hafoty. Hafod is a compound of haf'summer' + bod 'dwelling'. Hafoty (oten shortened to Foty) is a compound of hafod + ty 'house', and as might perhaps be expected is nowhere nearly so common as hafod in earlier documents. It is almost without exception confined to the six North Wales counties. Where it occurs in a compound the defining elements are not as varied as with hafod. The plural of hafod is hafodau, hafodydd. It is a feminine noun and is followed by the appropriate form of the adjective, and by soft mutation. Many hafod names are followed by those of status or occupation and these probably refer to the owners of the hafod or to the people who lived there. The solitude of the upland pastures may have attacted the ancr 'hermit' in Hafodyrancr (Llanafan Fawr) and perhaps his female counterpart in Hafodancras (Llanwddyn, see Mont. Coll. VII, 111). The Church is represented by abad 'abbot' in Hafodyra- bad (Llandegla, belonging to Valle Crucis), and Hafodyrabad (grange of Cwmyst-