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ment in the treatment of nineteenth century history. O'Connell was a narrow individualist feeling himself to be much more akin to the propertied class of England than to the working class of Ireland." William Smith O'Brien was a futile Girondin, encouraging a revolution and drawing back from its consequences. On the other hand, James Fintan Lalor had the right point of view. He correctly insisted upon a social insurrection as the only possible basis for a national revolution, that the same in- surrectionary upheaval that destroyed and ended the social sub- jection of the producing classes would end the hateful foreign tyranny reared upon it." (p. 177). The Irish question is therefore a social question in the last resort a fight for the mastery of the means of life. Labour in Irish History is a review of the struggle in the past The Re-conquest of Ireland (which is also contained in this book) gives a graphic account of what remains to be done and discusses ways and means. A few words may be said in conclusion about the Easter In- surrection. The present reviewer met Connolly in Ireland in 1912 and had some opportunity of forming an opinion of him. He was perfectly level-headed and was not the man to delude himself. Connolly knew from the outset that the Rising was doomed to failure. He also knew that he was not inaugurating a social revolution in Ireland. Some will therefore condemn him for taking any part in that enterprise. But all the facts must be kept in view. Mr. Robert Lynd in his preface offers a dis- criminating analysis of the situation. It should never be forgotten that the preaching of doctrines of violence had recently been re-introduced into Ireland with the approval of influential persons in England. In Dublin the horrors of the great strike and lock- out had been recently experienced and they left behind them extreme bitterness of feeling. Finally, it was absolutely im- possible for Connolly himself to accept the majority view about the European War. To him it was a capitalistic war in which the proletariat of all countries were involved as poor dupes of their designing masters. His hope was that the working-classes of all countries would refuse to fight. That hope was balked, and he joined with the revolutionary enthusiasts in one last pro- test against what he believed to be a tyranny. Mr. Robert Lynd says with justice that his was the most vital democratic mind in the Ireland of his day." He threw away his life in a hopeless rebellion, but hopeless rebellions have a formative force in Ireland. We are beginning to realise that Ireland will never again be what it was before Easter 1916. R. Theophrastus and the Greek Physio- logical Psychology before Aristotle." Professor G. M. Stratton. George Allen & Unwin. 8s. 6d. net. Pp. 227. Good historical works on Psychology are none too common, and Professor Stratton in this edition of Theophrastus' De Sensibus makes easily accessible an interesting and valuable text. The work has been very carefully and competently done. There is first an introductory discussion of the merits of Theophrastus as a reporter and critic of the theories of his predecessors, along with a statement of his general doctrine of sense perception, and of his treatment of the special senses. The second part con- sists of the text and translation of the De Sensibus and Part Ill. of a detailed commentary on Part II. The translation is readable and good. The notes in Part III. are enriched by many from the hand of Professor A. E. Taylor; and in themselves are a sub- stantial contribution to the study of Greek psychology. Theophrastus, acute and well-informed observer as he is is unquestionably an important writer; and his Characters has long been a recognised source of information on Greek manners and morals. This discriminating study of his Psychology should serve to rescue his work in that branch of knowledge from the comparative neglect under which it has suffered. w/T01Twrds the Goal" by Mrs. Humphry Ward. With a Preface by the Hon. Theodore Roosevelt. London John Murray. 2s. 6d. net. Pp. xii. 246. Fifteen months ago was published England's Effort," by the same author, a book designed mainly to show America what this country was doing in the war, but which was translated into nearly all European languages, including German. Now follows the present volume, written with the same object, in the form of a series of open letters to Mr. Roosevelt. It is clearly intimated that the two books were written under Government authority by virtue of which Mrs. Ward visited many munition works, parts of the Fleet, the great supply bases in France, the General Head Quarters and different portions of the battle-front in Belgium and France. Evidently our Government has created for war purposes what a big commercial firm would call a Publicity Department, for which Mrs. Ward and other well-known writers have been engaged. This official employment of literary talent, like many other happenings of this strange time, makes one realise how the war has subjected to its own purpose every human activity, even those we used to regard as of the world of mind and spirit, and furthest apart from the clash of physical forces. And for a moment one wonders-what would her eminent uncle, Matthew Arnold, have made of such a business as this in which Mrs. Ward has done so remarkably well ? Would his passionate desire to see life clearly and to see it whole have allowed him to write two books entirely in the vein of praising the marvellous trans- formation of Britain into a colossal war-machine and of glorifying the heroism of British and French troops in the field ? Would he not have admitted that the enemy, too, must have done won- derful things in industrial organisation and in brave fighting? And, seeker after truth as he was, would he not once and again have protested in spite of his business," against the horrible tragedy and disaster of it all ? Would he have paused and asked himself-" Do we not while endlessly praising the heroism of our soldiers, encourage the natural fighting instinct in man and make it harder to eradicate the lust for physical conflict in the future ? And will not this be the chief obstacle to peace ?" However, we are spared such uncomfortable reflections while following Mrs. Ward in her very interesting narrative of her visit to the Front. She takes us first to the G.H.Q." where her stay is discreetly brief. High officers speak to her of the pre- parations, vast and long-continued, for our offensive this summer The coming summer's campaign must decide the issue of the war, though it may not see the end of it," an officer said. Again and again on her journey South, she notices those preparations and hears mysterious allusions to the storm to come." When I was in the neighbourhood of the great battlefield-one may say it now !-the whole country-side was one vast preparation. The signs of the coming attack were everywhere-troops, guns, ammunition, food-dumps, hospitals, air-stations-every actor and every property in the vast and tragic play were on the spot ready for the moment and the word." This was in early March the moment and the word came, as we know, on Easter Monday, April 9th. And we in this country are wondering what further results are to ensue from those vast preparations. Is our sum- mer offensive already, most of it, accomplished? Mrs. Ward proceeded, conveyed in military motor cars, to the Somme and as far as Nancy. She saw many things, saw all the vast and various accompaniments of war, hospitals, camps, schools, air-stations, armies on the march. And when in Lorraine she heard narra- tives of the crimes of the barbarian invaders; heard from the mouths of the villagers how the army of the uncivilised race," when it invaded their country in the autumn of 1914, committed acts whose barbarity simply makes one aghast. Is mankind still in that state!